EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: - Profession
and Human Values: Values crisis in contemporary society. Nature of values. Psychological
Values, Societal Values and Aesthetic Values. Moral and Ethical values.
Theory: -
A profession is a
vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is
to supply objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite
compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. The term
is in essence a rather vaguer version of the term "liberal
profession", an anglicisation of the French term "profession
libérale". Originally borrowed by English users in the nineteenth century,
it has been re-borrowed by international users from the late twentieth, though
the (upper-middle) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive
retranslation: “liberal professions” are, according to the Directive on
Recognition of Professional Qualifications (2005/36/EC) “those practised on the
basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal, responsible and
professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and
conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public”.
A personal value is
absolute or relative and ethical value, the assumption of which can be the
basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent values and
measures. A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and
measures of integrity are based.
Some values are
physiologically determined and are normally considered objective, such as a
desire to avoid physical pain or to seek pleasure. Other values are considered
subjective, vary across individuals and cultures, and are in many ways aligned
with belief and belief systems. Types of values include ethical/moral values,
doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values, and
aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values that are not clearly
physiologically determined, such as altruism, are intrinsic, and whether some,
such as acquisitiveness, should be classified as vices or virtues. Values have
been studied in various disciplines: anthropology, behavioral economics,
business ethics, corporate governance, moral philosophy, political sciences,
social psychology, sociology and theology to name a few.
Figure 1 Human Values
Values can be defined
as broad preference concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As
such, values reflect a person's sense of right and wrong or what
"ought" to be. "Equal rights for all", "Excellence
deserves admiration", and "People should be treated with respect and
dignity" are representative of values. Values tend to influence attitudes
and behavior.
Personal Values:-
Personal values
provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful,
beautiful, desirable, constructive, etc. Values generate behaviour and help
solve common human problems for survival by comparative rankings of value, the
results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what they do and
in what order they choose to do them.
Value Crisis In
Contemporary Indian Society:-
Excessive overplaying
of materialistic values and subsequent downplaying of all other human values,
often seen as roadblocks on the path leading to success has lead to value
crisis in the contemporary Indian society. Our upbringing and en-culturation
has trained us for a single minded pursuit – attainment of personal happiness
and gratification. Success is synonymous to unrestricted enjoyment of
materialistic & sensuous pleasure and fulfillment of unlimited worldly
desires. Our life has been transformed
into a consumerist haven.
We have lost faith in
ideology of ‘simple living and high thinking’ and the slogan of the day has
taken a new shape and form altogether “higher the amount of consumption better
is the quality of life”. With the rise of isms such as selfish individualism,
consumerism, materialism, candidly speaking our society has turned into a mere
numerical collection of consumers who are devoid of all the finer senses that
ought to exist in a true human being.
We always question ourselves “what is in it for me?” the sole aim of all
our striving’s at the individual level is personal well-being.
The concept of common
good has taken a back seat in our society. Steep rise in our right
consciousness with a steeper decline in our duty consciousness has contributed
effectively towards the societal decay and disintegration. We have a tendency to adopt a double
standard of judgement “a much higher one for others and a much lower for
ourselves”. We over the period of time have adroitly mastered the art of
concealing our own faults. But surprisingly enough even the minor mistakes
committed by others do not escape our censorious scrutiny.
Societal Value:-
Social value
orientation (SVO) is a psychological construct rooted in social psychology
defined as a person's preference about how to allocate resources (e.g. money)
between the self and another person. That is, SVO corresponds to how much
weight a person attaches to the welfare of others in relation to the own. Since
people are assumed to vary in the weight they attach to other peoples' outcomes
in relation to the own, SVO is an individual difference variable.
Aesthetic Value:-
Aesthetics is a
branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with
the creation and appreciation of beauty.It is more scientifically defined as
the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of
sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as
"critical reflection on art, culture and nature."
Moral Values:-
A moral value is a
universally accepted ethical principle that governs the day to day living of
life. These principles are important in maintaining unity, harmony and honour
between people. Moral values are usually communal and shared by the public in
general, thus if there is no agreement among community members no moral values
will be established.
Ethical Values:-
The set of established
principles governing virtuous behavior. In order to help assure that the
company maintains a good business reputation, many business managers concerned
about public relations will develop and promote a set of suitable ethical
values for staff within the company to keep in mind when doing business with
the customers.
Result:-
We have successfully
studied about Profession and Human Values: Values crisis in contemporary
society. Nature of values. Psychological Values, Societal Values and Aesthetic
Values. Moral and Ethical values.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim: - Study about
Professional and Professionalism-Professional Accountability, Role of a professional, Ethic and image of
profession.
Theory:-
WHAT IS A PROFESSION?
Given the purpose of this
treatise, a mere attempt to define or simply to conduct an examination of
design professionalism would, I believe, be inadequate. In order to responsibly
define design professionalism we must
First fundamentally
understand what a profession is and what conditions are required for it to
exist.
Function:-
1. A calling requiring
specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation
2. The whole body of
persons engaged in a calling as a concise and very general definition, this one
above serves quite well. There is, of course, much more to a profession.
The Fundamental
Characteristics of A Profession:-
1. Great responsibility
2. Accountability
3. Specialization
4. Institutional preparation
5. Autonomy
6. Clients rather than
customers
7. Direct working
relationships
8. Ethical constraints
9. Merit-based
10. Capitalist morality
Moral And Ethical Foundations:-
As one means of
classification, everyone on earth falls into one of two categories:
Those who hold with moral
absolutes and those who do not. Those who believe in moral absolutes have a
moral core articulated by various core values. When those values are mutually
consistent, the individual then, by definition, has integrity.
Those who do not hold
with moral absolutes can have no moral core and no corresponding core values or
integrity. Those individuals behave according to moral relativism; responding
to issues as if they are disconnected, discrete items to be evaluated in a vacuum.
“Open-minded” is the term sometimes referenced in describing this approach; and
as such the term is misused.
Update:-
In response to the lack
of any workable and morally consistent ethical code for designers, I’ve created
the Code of Professional Conduct. I encourage design professionals to read,
consider, and then publicly proclaim their support and adherence to it.
A DEFINITION OF
PROFESSIONALISM:-
The short definition is
that professionalism means behaving in an ethical manner while assuming and fulfilling
your rightful responsibilities in every situation every time, without fail. To
get a bit more granular, one can say that it means, in part, conducting your affairs
in such a way as to engender trust and confidence in every aspect of your work.
Result: - We have
successfully studied about Professional and Professionalism-Professional
Accountability, Role of a professional, Ethic and image of profession.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim: - Study about Engineering Profession and Ethics-Technology and
society, Ethical obligations of Engineering professionals, Roles of Engineers
in industry, society, nation and the world.
Theory: - This article examines the relationship
between engineers and society, and engineers' professional responsibilities
given that relationship. This examination is particularly important for
engineers in the execution of their professional responsibilities, and for
students preparing to enter fields of engineering.
The Role of Engineering in
Society: Engineering Design
The National Research Council recently recognized the
need for improvement in both engineering design and engineering design
education. Although there are numerous articles on engineering design, we will
concentrate on the interaction between engineers and society.
The utilization of scientific knowledge over time
establishes that some of the knowledge is immediately relevant to societal
needs while other parts are less immediately relevant (society may never
realize the relevance of a particular scientific inquiry). While the congruence
of societal need with scientific knowledge is much more complex than indicated
in this article, it may be represented for the purpose of this discussion by a
Venn diagram as seen in figure 1. The authors maintain that it is this overlap
of scientific knowledge with societal need, more specifically, the application
of scientific knowledge to the needs of society, that is the domain of engineering.
Clearly, the extent of human enterprise is much more complex than is
represented here. If, for example, it is in the interest of society to increase
our store of scientific knowledge, then engineers and scientists who ply their
trade in the frontiers of scientific research are both serving societal need.
Nevertheless, our contention is that the central focus of the engineering
profession is the application of scientific knowledge to meet societal needs.
Professional Responsibility
and Engineering Ethics
Discussion
of an engineer's inherent interaction with society and societal needs, leads
naturally to an engineer's responsibility to society. Since the Grinter report,
engineering education has made significant progress in strengthening the basic
sciences in engineering, including mathematics, chemistry, and physics. Recent
trends toward increasing discussion of professionalism in the classroom
notwithstanding, topics of professional responsibility (as compared to science,
engineering sciences, and engineering analysis) have received surprisingly
little attention in engineering education over the last several decades. The
authors fear that professional responsibility may also have been
underemphasized in the practice of engineering. This includes such topics as:
- Safety and Welfare of the Public and of Clients
- Professional Ethics
- Legal Liabilities of Engineers
- Environmental Responsibilities
- Quality
- Communications
Engineers must develop a fundamental understanding of
their professional responsibilities. Few engineers have an opportunity,
however, to develop or contribute to the development of a professional code of
ethics.
Figure 1
Result: - We have successfully studied about Engineering Profession and Ethics-Technology and
society, Ethical obligations of Engineering professionals, Roles of Engineers
in industry, society, nation and the world.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Aim: - Study about Professional Responsibilities-Collegiality, Loyalty,
Confidentially, Conflict of Interest, Whistle Blowing.
Theory: -
By bringing to the fore the concepts of
(professional) ‘responsibility’ and ‘accountability’, we identify a tension
between the two concepts and more insight is gained into the different types of
logic and implications of ‘responsibility’ and ‘accountability’ regimes.
Collegiality:-
Collegiality is the relationship between
colleagues.
Colleagues are those explicitly united in
a common purpose and respecting each other's abilities to work toward that
purpose. A colleague is an associate in a profession or in a civil or
ecclesiastical office.
Collegiality can also be
interpreted under the stricter definition as provided by the dictionary. In
this case, collegiality only applies to individuals holding the same rank or
power. In this case, collegiality for a college professor would only be
applicable when dealing with other college professors. Collegiality for a
secretary would only apply when dealing with other secretaries.
Loyalty:-
Employee loyalty is the
positive behavior of employees. Employees who are loyal will ensure that there
are no company's tips that are let outside, a factor that can enable their
competitors to outscore them economically.
Confidentiality:-
Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that
limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.
Conflict Of Interest (COI):-
A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation occuring
when an individual or organization is involved in multiple interests, one of
which could possibly corrupt the motivation.
The presence of a conflict of interest is independent
of the occurrence of impropriety. Therefore, a conflict of interest can be
discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs. A widely used
definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that
creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary
interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." Primary
interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as
the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of research,
and the duties of public office. Secondary interest includes not only financial
gain but also such motives as the desire for professional advancement and the
wish to do favours for family and friends, but conflict of interest rules
usually focus on financial relationships because they are relatively more
objective, fungible, and quantifiable. The secondary interests are not treated
as wrong in themselves, but become objectionable when they are believed to have
greater weight than the primary interests. The conflict in a conflict of
interest exists whether or not a particular individual is actually influenced
by the secondary interest. It exists if the circumstances are reasonably
believed (on the basis of past experience and objective evidence) to create a
risk that decisions may be unduly influenced by secondary interests.
Whistle Blower:-
A whistleblower (whistle-blower or whistle blower)[1]
is a person who exposes misconduct, alleged dishonest or illegal activity
occurring in an organization. The alleged misconduct may be classified in many
ways; for example, a violation of a law, rule, regulation and/or a direct
threat to public interest, such as fraud, health and safety violations, and
corruption. Whistleblowers may make their allegations internally (for example,
to other people within the accused organization) or externally (to regulators,
law enforcement agencies, to the media or to groups concerned with the issues).
Result: - We have successfully studied about Professional Responsibilities-Collegiality, Loyalty,
Confidentially, Conflict of Interest, Whistle Blowing.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Aim: - Study About DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Understanding Disasters and
Hazards and related issues social and environmental. Risk and Vulnerability.
Types of Disasters, their occurrence/ causes, impact and preventive measures:
Ø
Natural
Disasters- Hydro-meteorological Based Disasters like Flood, Flash Flood, Cloud
Burst, Drought, Cyclone, Forest Fires; Geological Based Disasters like
Earthquake, Tsunami, Landslides, Volcanic Eruptions.
Ø
Man
made Disasters: Chemical Industrial Hazards, Major Power Break Downs, Traffic
Accidents, Fire Hazards, Nuclear Accidents.
Disaster profile
of Indian continent. Case studies. Disaster Management Cycle and its components.
Theory: -
A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological)
hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical
damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A
disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events
such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It
is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the
economic, social and cultural life of people.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the
consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a
combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas
with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in
uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a
disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in
developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater
(as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized
countries.
Natural disaster:-
A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural
hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and
lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or
human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to
support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is
concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet
vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural
disaster in areas without vulnerability.
Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill
thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property
each year. However, natural hazards can strike in unpopulated areas and never
develop into disasters. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and
its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both
the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and
unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth
proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas
more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for
disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by
natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters
Man-made disasters:-
Man-made disasters are the consequence of
technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport
accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation.
War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural
hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance
terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made
hazards have become reality in an event.
A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring
event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Many
natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. earthquakes can cause tsunamis and
drought can lead directly to famine or population displacement. It is possible
that some natural hazards are intertemporally correlated, as well. A concrete
example of the division between a natural hazard and a natural disaster is that
the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a disaster, whereas living on a fault
line is a hazard.
List of Disasters:-
1. Natural:-
These lists are of disasters caused by forces of nature.
Ø Floods
Ø Tropical
cyclones
Ø Earthquakes
Ø environmental
disasters
Ø fires
Ø wildfires
2. Accidents:-
These are lists of disasters caused by accidental human action.
Ø accidents
and disasters by death toll
3. Transport
Ø road
accidents
Ø rail
accidents
Ø accidents
and incidents involving commercial aircraft
Ø accidents
and incidents involving military aircraft
Ø maritime
disasters
Ø shipwrecks
Ø aircraft
disasters
Ø airship
accidents
4. Industrial
Ø industrial
disasters
Ø structural
failures and collapses
o
bridge failures
o
dam failures
o
levee failures
o
mast and tower collapses
o
modern infrastructure failures
Ø Nuclear
and radiation accidents
o
radiation accidents
o
civilian nuclear accidents
o
military nuclear accidents
o
nuclear and radiation accidents by death
toll
o
nuclear disasters and radioactive
incidents
Ø oil
spills
Ø space
accidents and incidents
5. Health
Ø Famines
Ø Epidemics
Ø mass
evacuations
6. Manmade:-
These are lists of disasters caused by deliberate human action.
Ø wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
Ø battles
and other violent events
Ø military
disasters
Ø wars
Ø terrorist
incidents
Ø riots
Ø massacres
Risk:-
Risk is the potential of losing something of value,
weighed against the potential to gain something of value. Values (such as
physical health, social status, emotional well being or financial wealth) can
be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action, activity
and/or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. Risk can also be defined as the
intentional interaction with uncertainty. Risk perception is the subjective
judgment people make about the severity of a risk, and may vary person to
person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier than
others.
Risk can be defined in a variety of ways. However we
define risk (uncountable) as a characteristic of reality or risks as
threatening agents, the essential feature here is uncertainty. Without
uncertainty there is no risk, only clear danger.
TSUNAMI:-
The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a
tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of
the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to either
earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by
meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained
by gravity. Tides do not play any part in the generation of tsunamis.
Result: - We have successfully studied about Disaster Management.
